(Continued from Part 3)
Another point to remember is that China is an emerging economy whilst USA's is a developed economy. China is seen to 'emerge' because it is still in transition from a planned economy to a more market economy, and by doing so it has taken on economic reforms and policies that support development, as discussed in Parts 1 and 2.
Being an emerging market, China would receive more FDI than USA, and it is interesting to note that much of it comes from the USA, about $60.5 billion in 2010. USA, being a developed economy, would normally receive less transfers and FDIs - China's FDI in the USA was only $3.2 billion in 2010. Besides that, the population growth in China, most startlingly, was 0.48% compared to USA's 0.9% in 2012. Although the rate population growth is usually higher in developing and emerging economies, in China's case, I think it is urbanisation that really counts (discussed at the end of this paragraph). Lastly, the transition from an agricultural economy to a more industry and service based economy is still an ongoing process in China, with many millions from the rural areas in China migrating to urban areas every year, with a rate of 2.3% between 2010 to 2015.
Therefore, as of 2012, China remains the second largest economy in the world, not because it does not have the capacity to but because it is still emerging and transitioning. Some predict China will overtake the USA to become the largest economy in the world by the end of this year, while some say by 2015. Then there are also those who are worried about the Chinese economy imploding the way Japan's did about 2 decades ago. In my opinion, China's rise to become a leader in manufacturing seems inevitable, but for how long China can remain in the number 1 spot is anyone's bet.
Cheers
zhusun
Further reading:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html
http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/china
Showing posts with label Economics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Economics. Show all posts
Friday, 29 March 2013
China, the Manufacturing Capital of the World... to-be (Part 3)
(Continued from Part 2)
For 33 years since 1979, China had grown at an average of 9.9% a year. It is estimated that China's GDP expanded by 7.8% in 2012. China is also the largest exporter of goods to the USA, totaling $399.3 billion in 2011. Its exports in 2012 totaled $2.021 trillion and a labour force of 795.4 million. When talking about China, it seems that everything is in big proportions.
With all the impressive statistics, the title of this series of blog posts may be questionable, if not unsuitable. Coupled with the hype surrounding China's ability to become a manufacturing powerhouse in such a short time, it is easy to overlook other statistics.
It is important to remember that manufacturing in the USA is not, well, dead. With the advent of whole manufacturing communities becoming 'rust belts' since the 1980's, it is easy to assume that USA has grown out of the industry. But removing manufacturing from USA is near impossible. Some are talking about a revival in manufacturing. The cities leading in this revival include Seattle, Salt Lake City and Austin in Texas. Manufacturing in USA is still very much alive. Only, now the focus is directed more towards R&D and producing high value added products.
Last year, the real GDP growth of USA was only an estimated 2.2%. Compare that with China's growth, it is unenviable. However, economic growth rate is just one part of the comparison. There are other measures which would make the reason why China is not yet the largest economy and the manufacturing capital on earth.
Most noteworthy is the difference in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) between China and USA. The definition of PPP provided by Investopedia, is the estimated amount of adjustment needed on the exchange of countries so that the exchange is equivalent to each county's purchasing power. Last year, China's PPP was $12.28 trillion while USA's was $15.66 trillion. Additionally, China's GDP in official exchange rate was $8.25 trillion while USA's was $15.65 trillion. Considering China's exchange rate is said to be very much depressed, $8.25 trillion is a lot! Hence, although China's manufacturing sector is expanding at an incredible rate, it still has not overtaken USA's.
(To be concluded in Part 4)
Cheers
zhusun
Further reading:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/ppp.asp
http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/china
http://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2012/05/24/seattle-is-leading-an-american-manufacturing-revival/
For 33 years since 1979, China had grown at an average of 9.9% a year. It is estimated that China's GDP expanded by 7.8% in 2012. China is also the largest exporter of goods to the USA, totaling $399.3 billion in 2011. Its exports in 2012 totaled $2.021 trillion and a labour force of 795.4 million. When talking about China, it seems that everything is in big proportions.
With all the impressive statistics, the title of this series of blog posts may be questionable, if not unsuitable. Coupled with the hype surrounding China's ability to become a manufacturing powerhouse in such a short time, it is easy to overlook other statistics.
It is important to remember that manufacturing in the USA is not, well, dead. With the advent of whole manufacturing communities becoming 'rust belts' since the 1980's, it is easy to assume that USA has grown out of the industry. But removing manufacturing from USA is near impossible. Some are talking about a revival in manufacturing. The cities leading in this revival include Seattle, Salt Lake City and Austin in Texas. Manufacturing in USA is still very much alive. Only, now the focus is directed more towards R&D and producing high value added products.
Last year, the real GDP growth of USA was only an estimated 2.2%. Compare that with China's growth, it is unenviable. However, economic growth rate is just one part of the comparison. There are other measures which would make the reason why China is not yet the largest economy and the manufacturing capital on earth.
Most noteworthy is the difference in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) between China and USA. The definition of PPP provided by Investopedia, is the estimated amount of adjustment needed on the exchange of countries so that the exchange is equivalent to each county's purchasing power. Last year, China's PPP was $12.28 trillion while USA's was $15.66 trillion. Additionally, China's GDP in official exchange rate was $8.25 trillion while USA's was $15.65 trillion. Considering China's exchange rate is said to be very much depressed, $8.25 trillion is a lot! Hence, although China's manufacturing sector is expanding at an incredible rate, it still has not overtaken USA's.
(To be concluded in Part 4)
Cheers
zhusun
Further reading:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/ppp.asp
http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/china
http://www.forbes.com/sites/joelkotkin/2012/05/24/seattle-is-leading-an-american-manufacturing-revival/
Tuesday, 19 February 2013
China, the Manufacturing Capital of the World... to-be (Part 2)
(Continued from Part 1)
In 1978, China underwent widespread economic reforms. The government relaxed on investment policies, encouraged foreign investment and private-ownership. These reforms were initiated by the Communist Party of China, at the time time led by Deng Xiaoping. The reforms comprised of two stages. In the first stage, the government opened China up to foreign investment, encouraged more entrepreneurial activities by permitting more business start-ups and decollectivising agriculture. In the second stage, many state-owned industries were privatised, lifting of price controls and abolishing protectionist policies and regulations. The result of the economics reforms was a new economic climate which was more competitive, productive and dynamic.
Then came the time known as the 'readjustment period', from 1979 to 1981. Its agenda included stimulating agricultural production, expanding exports and overcoming logistics and electrical power issues. Policies were first introduced by the government experimentally on a small scale. If proven effective and successful then the policy would be applied on a large scale.
In agriculture, an interesting policy called the 'contract responsibility system' or 'household contract responsibility system', that would allow farmers to own and work a small piece if land. The farmers were motivated to produce more and cut costs because they would keep the profits earned.
Besides that, policies that encouraged innovation and competition were also introduced to the industry. Enterprises could be collectively owned or individually owned, which was significant because during the Cultural Revolution, individual enterprises were almost non-existent.
Most importantly, foreign trade was very much encouraged. From easing foreign trade procedures to legalising interactions with foreign firms in China, systematic steps were taken to prepare China for the world stage once again. International trade would become a very important aspect in China's rise to become the manufacturing capital of the world.
(To be continued in Part 3)
Cheers
zhusun
Further reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Reform_of_the_economic_system.2C_beginning_in_1978
http://english.cri.cn/3126/2008/10/31/53s419817.htm
In 1978, China underwent widespread economic reforms. The government relaxed on investment policies, encouraged foreign investment and private-ownership. These reforms were initiated by the Communist Party of China, at the time time led by Deng Xiaoping. The reforms comprised of two stages. In the first stage, the government opened China up to foreign investment, encouraged more entrepreneurial activities by permitting more business start-ups and decollectivising agriculture. In the second stage, many state-owned industries were privatised, lifting of price controls and abolishing protectionist policies and regulations. The result of the economics reforms was a new economic climate which was more competitive, productive and dynamic.
Then came the time known as the 'readjustment period', from 1979 to 1981. Its agenda included stimulating agricultural production, expanding exports and overcoming logistics and electrical power issues. Policies were first introduced by the government experimentally on a small scale. If proven effective and successful then the policy would be applied on a large scale.
 |
| Farmers in China (Source: http://english.people.com.cn/90002/95589/6512380.html) |
Besides that, policies that encouraged innovation and competition were also introduced to the industry. Enterprises could be collectively owned or individually owned, which was significant because during the Cultural Revolution, individual enterprises were almost non-existent.
Most importantly, foreign trade was very much encouraged. From easing foreign trade procedures to legalising interactions with foreign firms in China, systematic steps were taken to prepare China for the world stage once again. International trade would become a very important aspect in China's rise to become the manufacturing capital of the world.
(To be continued in Part 3)
Cheers
zhusun
Further reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Reform_of_the_economic_system.2C_beginning_in_1978
http://english.cri.cn/3126/2008/10/31/53s419817.htm
Wednesday, 9 January 2013
China, the Manufacturing Capital of the World... to-be (Part 1)
America was once very much like China, the manufacturing power-house of the world. America's manufacturing sector enjoyed being the world's largest and the most advanced starting from the late 1890's, surpassing Britain. Some say the wars helped boost America's economy, especially after the Great Depression of the 1930's, due to higher production of uniforms, weaponry etc.
It was not until the late 1970's that America started off-shoring manufacturing jobs to counties such as China because that was when China started relaxing regulations and encouraged foreign investment. During that time, China was undergoing economic reforms to make it more efficient and stimulate higher economic growth. At this time, many people in China were still very poor and had dismal living conditions. You could say that this low standard of living was due to the communist regime and the Cultural Revolution of 1966-76. The Cultural Revolution aimed to make China more communist and 'modern' but the effects were devastating as economic activities slowed and stopped. Therefore, it was important for China to have economic reforms to try to bring China out of an economic slumber.
 |
| A Cultural Revolution poster (Source: Wikipedia) |
(To be continued in Part 2)
Cheers
zhusun
Further reading:
Thursday, 3 January 2013
What are Regional Currencies? (Part 2)
(Continued from Part 1)
That is not to say the residents of the respective regions took in the new currencies with open arms. As it is with human nature, the residents were weary at first, reluctant to participate but after 8 years, as in the case of the Chiemgauer, things took off. The Chiemgauer in its fledgling year had a dismal turnover of €75,000, but by 2011, its turnover increased to €6 200 000. Now over 600 businesses in the region accept the currency and according to reports, the residents are happy with it. After all, 1 Chiemgauer is exchangeable for 1 euro, so I guess the residents don't lose out at all.With the Berkshare, it is another success story. Last year, over 400 businesses accepted the Berkshare. In just 30 months from its launch, about 2.2 Berkshares were issued.
Regional currencies are introduced for several reasons - although the Chiemgauer did start out as a school project, it has brought benefits to the region's people and economy. Similarly, the Berkshares have gain immense attention from non-users as the financial cirsis hit the Western world in 2008. It seems that with the Berkshare, the Berkshire economy was able to stay relatively intact and stable, although the Berkshare is still backed by the US dollar, the local currency still succeeds in retaining wealth within the community.
However, there are downsides as well, the BerkShare, being backed by the US dollar, is still vulnerable to volatility in the US economy in general. The Chiemgauer does present a catch, if the note is not used within 3 months, its value depreciates and renewing the expired requires the holder to pay a sort of penalty.
I think having regional currencies is a good idea if the people in the community are willing to participate and support it fully. Otherwise, it would be hassle trying to pay for some goods at a local shop. The regional currency, of course, has many limitations, such as not being accepted outside of the specific region. I wonder, if any regional currency ever got to a stage of being so influential that it could match even a quarter, or even one tenth, of the country's currency turnover or profit, would it be a significant threat to the country's currency?
(Concluded)
Cheers
zhusun
Further reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiemgauer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerkShares
That is not to say the residents of the respective regions took in the new currencies with open arms. As it is with human nature, the residents were weary at first, reluctant to participate but after 8 years, as in the case of the Chiemgauer, things took off. The Chiemgauer in its fledgling year had a dismal turnover of €75,000, but by 2011, its turnover increased to €6 200 000. Now over 600 businesses in the region accept the currency and according to reports, the residents are happy with it. After all, 1 Chiemgauer is exchangeable for 1 euro, so I guess the residents don't lose out at all.With the Berkshare, it is another success story. Last year, over 400 businesses accepted the Berkshare. In just 30 months from its launch, about 2.2 Berkshares were issued.
 |
| Berkshares (Source: Wikipedia) |
 |
| Chiemgauer (Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1540939/Rival-to-euro-as-Germans-cash-in-on-currency.html) |
Regional currencies are introduced for several reasons - although the Chiemgauer did start out as a school project, it has brought benefits to the region's people and economy. Similarly, the Berkshares have gain immense attention from non-users as the financial cirsis hit the Western world in 2008. It seems that with the Berkshare, the Berkshire economy was able to stay relatively intact and stable, although the Berkshare is still backed by the US dollar, the local currency still succeeds in retaining wealth within the community.
However, there are downsides as well, the BerkShare, being backed by the US dollar, is still vulnerable to volatility in the US economy in general. The Chiemgauer does present a catch, if the note is not used within 3 months, its value depreciates and renewing the expired requires the holder to pay a sort of penalty.
I think having regional currencies is a good idea if the people in the community are willing to participate and support it fully. Otherwise, it would be hassle trying to pay for some goods at a local shop. The regional currency, of course, has many limitations, such as not being accepted outside of the specific region. I wonder, if any regional currency ever got to a stage of being so influential that it could match even a quarter, or even one tenth, of the country's currency turnover or profit, would it be a significant threat to the country's currency?
(Concluded)
Cheers
zhusun
Further reading:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiemgauer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerkShares
What are Regional Currencies? (Part 1)
On September 19th 2012, the latest city in the UK to have its own regional currency is the city of Bristol. It is known as the Bristol Pound (£B) and it comes in four denominations: 1, 5, 10 and 20. Good news for the residents of Bristol, because one Bristol Pound is exactly exchangeable for one pound sterling. The Bristol Pound denominations are complete with designs submitted by those in the community.
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| Bristol Pound denominations (Source: http://bristolpound.org/news?id=3) |
There are many synonyms for 'regional currency', including local currency, community currency and alternative currencies, though they do not necessarily have the exact same meaning. We will focus on local currency and regional currency here.
Two of the most well-known local/regional currencies include the Chiemgauer and the Berkshare. The Chiemgauer is used in Prien am Chiemsee, Bavaria, Germany and was introduced in 2003; the Berkshare was introduced in September 2006 in the region of Berkshire, Massachusetts, USA. They are popular with residents of respective regions.
(To be continued in Part 2)
Cheers
zhusun
(To be continued in Part 2)
Cheers
zhusun
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